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LAW AND BIOTERRORISM
Victoria
Sutton, M.P.A., Ph.D., J.D.
Professor
of Law
Texas
Tech
University
,
School
of
Law
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FORWARD
PREFACE
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I.
History of Law and Bioterrorism
1.2.
Why Examine Law and Bioterrorism?
II.
The Federal Government Role, Federalism and Bioterrorism
2.1.
Introduction
2.2.
The Federal Organization the Executive, Legislative and Judicial
Roles
It
will be too late for Congress to act after bioterrorism attack is launched,
op-ed, Lubbock Avalanche Journal (Saturday, Sept. 22, 2001)
2.3.
The Executive Branch plan for bioterrorism
A
Precarious Hot Zone The Presidents Plan to Combat Bioterrorism,
164 The Military Law Review 135 (2000).
2.4.
How Sept. 11th Changed the Federal Plan
Federal
Government Leadership in Bioterrorism Whos In Charge?
2.5.
Roles of the Federal Departments and Agencies
2.5.1.
The Role of the FBI
2.5.2.
The Role of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and
the Epidemiological Investigative Service (EIS)
2.5.2.1.
Federal Quarantine Powers
2.5.2.2.
Metropolitan Medical Response System
2.5.2.3.
Epidemiological and Laboratory Capacity Program
2.5.2.4.
Emerging Infections Program
2.5.2.5.
National Pharmaceutical Stockpile Program
2.5.2.6.
National Electronic Disease Surveillance System (NEDSS)
2.5.2.7.
The Epi-X Project
2.5.2.8.
The Epi Intelligence Service
2.5.3.
The Role of FEMA, FAA and the National Security Agency (NSA)
2.5.3.1.
Relationship between FEMA and FAA
2.5.3.2.
National Security Agency (NSA)
2.5.4.
The Role of the Department of Agriculture (DOA) and the Federal Drug
Administration (FDA)
2.5.5.
The Role of the Department of Defense (DOD) and the Department of
Energy (DOE)
2.5.6.
The Expanding Role of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
2.5.6.1.
Decontamination
2.5.6.2.
Protection of the Nations Water Supply
2.5.7.
The Role of the Military
2.5.7.1.
Posse Comitatus
2.5.7.2.
USAMIIRD
2.5.7.3.
National Guard Bureau
2.5.8.
The Role of the Public Health Service (PHS), the Indian Health Service
(IHS) and the Department of Veterans Affairs
2.5.8.1.
Public Health Service
2.5.8.2.
Indian Health Service
2.5.8.3.
Department of Veterans Affairs
2.5.9.
The Role of the INS
2.5.10 The Role of the
Federal Trade Commission
2.6.
The state-national government relationship
Bioterrorism Preparation and
Response Legislation The
Struggle to Protect States Sovereignty While Preserving National Security
6 The
Georgetown
Public Policy Review 93 (Spring 2001)
2.7.
President Bushs Proposal for a Department of Homeland Security
III.
State Law and Bioterrorism
3.1
State powers to address bioterrorism
Gibbons v. Ogden, 22
U.S.
1 (1824)
3.1.1.
Quarantine powers
3.1.2.
Vaccination powers
Jacobson v.
Massachusetts
, 197
U.S.
11 (1905)
Prince v.
Massachusetts
, 321
U.S.
156 (1944)
3.1.3.
State Emergency Powers
3.1.3.1. Collection
of Records and Data
3.1.3.1.1.
Access to Records
3.1.3.1.2.
Collection of Samples
3.1.3.2.
Control of Property
3.1.3.3.
Management of Persons
3.1.3.3.1.
Declaration of a State of
Emergency
3.1.3.3.2.
National Guard
3.1.3.3.3.
Human Remains
3.1.3.3.4.
Professional Licensing Requirements
3.1.3.4.
Access to Communications and Public Relations
3.1.4.
State Actions for Biodefense
3.1.4.1.
State Legislatures
3.1.4.2.
State Executives
3.1.4.3.
Pacts between States
3.1.5.
The Model Act for
Emergency
State
Powers
3.2
State Common Law and Potential Liabilities as a Result of Bioterrorism
3.2.1.
Failure to Prepare or Warn
3.2.1.1.
Adequacy or Inadequacy of a Plan
3.2.1.2.
Failure to Warn of Potential Danger
3.2.1.3.
Failure to Keep Emergency Systems Working
3.2.1.4.
Failure to Enter into a Mutual Aid Agreement
3.2.2.
Liability for Damage to Private Property
3.2.2.1.
Public Necessity Doctrine
3.2.2.2.
Public Nuisance
Smith
v. Potter, 2001
U.S.
Dist. LEXIS 18625 (
Nov. 16, 2001
)
IV.
New Federal Statutes for New Crimes of Bioterrorism
4.1.
Biological Weapons and Anti-Terrorism Act of 1989.
4.2.
Anti-Terrorism and Death Penalty Act of 1996
United States v.Wise,
221 F.3d 140 (5th Cir. 2000)
United States
v. Baker, 98 F.3d 330 (8th Cir. 1996)
United States
v. Slaughter, 116 F. Supp. 2d 688 (
August 29, 2000
)
4.3.
Pending Cases from 9-11 under the Anti-Terrorism and Death Penalty Act
of 1996
United States v. John Philip
Walker Lindh, (E.D. Va., filed 2002)
United States
v. Richard Colvin Reid (E.D. Mass,
Jan. 16, 2002
)
4.4.
USA
PATRIOT Act
4.4.1.
New federal crimes
4.4.2.
Fourth Amendment Concerns
4.4.3.
Sharing information
4.4.4.
Immigrants
4.5.
Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act
of 2002, P.L. 107-188 (2002)
4.6.
Evidence and Planning for Use of Biological Weapons
United States
v. Baker, 98 F.3d 330 (8th Cir. 1996)
4.7.
Fourth Amendment Search and Seizure
4.7.1.
Domestic Application
United States
v. Gill, 280 F.3d 923 (9th Crir. 2002)
United States
v. Larry Wayne Harris, 961 F. Supp. 1127
(S.D. Ohio, Eastern Div., 1997)
4.7.2.
Foreign Application
United States
v. Usama Bin Laden, 126 F. Supp.2d 264 (S.D.N.Y. 2000)
4.8.
Attorney-Client Confidentiality Policy and Regulation
4.9.
Detention of Individuals who may be associated with Terrorist
Activities
4.10.
Federal Sentencing Guidelines
United States
v. Leahy, 169 F.3d 433 (7th Cir. 1999)
4.11.
Military Criminal Law and Bioterrorism
4.11.1
Tribunals
4.11.2. Commissions
4.11.3.
Court Martial for Refusal of Vaccine
V.
Federal Law and Civil Issues Arising from Bioterrorism
5.1 Environmental
Statutes
Smith v. Potter, 2001
U.S.
Dist. LEXIS 18625 (
November 16, 2001
)
Smith v. Potter, 2002
U.S.
Dist. LEXIS 11878 (
July 1, 2002
)
5.2.
Tort Claims Against the Federal Government
5.2.1.
Public Nuisance
Smith v. Potter,
2001
U.S.
Dist. LEXIS 18625 (
November 16, 2001
)
5.2.1.
Federal Tort Claims Act
5.4.
Federal Labor Law
Miami
Area Local v. United States Postal Service, 173 F. Supp. 2d 1322 (
November 16, 2001
)
5.5.
Vaccination liability
5.5.1.
Polio vaccine
Reyes v. Wyeth Laboratories,
Inc., 498 F.2d 1264 (5th Cir. 1974)
Cunningham v. Pfizer & Co., Inc.,
532 P.2d 1377 (
Okla.
1974)
5.5.2.
Swine flu vaccine
Sparks v. Wyeth Laboratories, Inc.,
431 F. Supp. 411 (W.D. Okla. 1977)
5.5.3.
The National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act of 1986
5.5.4.
E.O. 13232, Indemnification of Defense Suppliers
5.5.4.1.
The Cipro Controversy in the Anthrax Attacks and Compulsory License
Under 28 U.S.C. 1498
5.5.4.2.
Vaccines
5.5.4.3.
Other Products
5.6. Private
Insurance Liability and Federal Indemnification
VI.
Private Causes of Action Against Persons or Non-Governmental Entities
Concerning Issues in Bioterrorism
6.1.
Introduction
Bernard v. Whitefield Tanning
Company, 78 N.H. 418, 101 A. 439 (N.H., 1917)
6.2.
Estate of Thomas L. Morris, Jr. v. Kaiser Foundation Health Plan v.
United States
Civ. No. PJM 02-1468, D.Md So.Div.,
(Filed
March 28, 2002
)
6.3.
Burnett, et. al. v. Al
Baraka Investment and Dev. Corp.,, et. al., Civ. No. _____ (D.D.C., Filed
August 15, 2002
)
VII.
Civil Rights and Liabilities Concerning Issues in Bioterrorism
7.1.
Introduction
7.2.
Preparation
Bioterrorism
A Change in Our Way of Life, and a Change in our Legal Framework, op-ed, The
Texas Lawyer (Monday,
Nov. 5, 2001
)
7.2..1.
Failure to Prepare or Warn (Common lawnot in FTCA)
7.2.1.1.
Adequacy or Inadequacy of a Plan
7.2.1.2.
Failure to Warn of Potential Danger
7.3.
Surveillance
7.3.1.
Constitutional Right of Privacy
7.3.2.
Fourth Amendment Protection Against Unreasonsable Search or Seizure
U.S.
v. Kyllo
7.3.3.
Surveillance systems and capabilities
7.3.3.1.
Governments surveillance systems
7.3.3.2.
Private surveillance systems
7.3.4.
Equal protection and Profiling
7.4.
Characterization and Detection
7.4.1.
Equal Protection
7.4.2.
Substantive Due Process Rights in Privacy
7.5.
Response
7.5.1.
Implementation of Quarantine
7.5.1.1.
Experience in the
United States
with September, October 2001 Anthrax attacks
7.5.1.2.
Military enforcement, Posse Comitatus
7.5.2.
CDC Smallpox Plan
7.5.3.
1983 Claims for Liability
7.5.3.1.
Create or increase danger
7.5.3.2.
Detaining a person and preventing self-help or failing to meet needs
7.5.3.3.
Excessive force in carrying out official functions
7.5.3.4.
Failing to protect persons from criminal liability
7.5.4.
Fifth Amendment protections
Miller v. Horton, 152
Mass.
540, 26 N.E. 100 (
January 1, 1891
)
7.5.5.
Equal Protection
Koramatsu
7.5.6.
Statutory Requirements
7.5.6.1.
Americans With Disabilities Act (
ADA
)
VIII.
International Law and Bioterrorism
8.1.
An International History of Law and Bioterrorism
8.2.
International Agreements
8.2.1.
Geneva Convention of 1925
8.2.2.
Biological Weapons Convention of 1972
8.3.
Domestic laws of other countries
8.3.1.
Former
Soviet Union
8.3.2.
Japan
8.3.3.
France
8.3.4.
Russian Federation
8.4.
Ports of Entry to the
United States
8.5.
International Criminal Court
IX.
The Future of Law and Bioterrorism
9.1.
Genetics, Technology and Bioterrorism
9.1.1.
Technologies
9.1.2.
Genetic Engineering
9.2.
First Amendment and Restrictions on Biological Weapons Information
9.2.1.
Publishing in Scientific Literature
9.2.2.
Publishing Trade Press Books and Internet Publication by Individuals
9.3.
Laboratory Security
9.4.
Vaccines and Immunities
9.4.1.
Vaccines
9.4.2.
Immunities
9.5.
International responses: Monitoring
protocol of the Biological Weapons Convention
9.6.
Domestic response: A New way of thinking
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